It identifies the priority issues that must be addressed to protect our environment from the harmful effects of waste water discharges. F. G. Shin, X.-J. Polym. The performance of natural fibre varies with part of the plant that is used for fibre extraction, age of plant, fibre extraction process, and many more factors [38]. [18][17] She has published collaborations in biology, medicine, wearables, and the design of fabrication tools. 108116, 1999. Moisture also hinders polycondensation/polyesterification reactions of linear monomers towards high molecular weight polymers. [86], Biomineralization evolved multiple times, independently,[89] and most animal lineages first expressed biomineralized components in the Cambrian period. It has cumulative advantage of light weight (low density), cheaper source, low wages, being noncarcinogenic, and biodegradability [46]. The tensile and flexural properties of composites are depending on volume fraction [60]. I. S. Aji, E. S. Zainudin, A. Khalina, S. M. Sapuan, and M. D. Khairul, Studying the effect of fiber size and fiber loading on the mechanical properties of hybridized kenaf/PALF-reinforced HDPE composite, Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites, vol. Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is used to analyze the heating effect of polymer during the physical changes (glass transition and melting) [, Polymeric materials depolymerize using micro-organisms secreted enzymes [, Micro-organisms such as bacteria and fungi in the soil cause the degradation in the material after burial. Examples of the observed dependencies (primary analytical signal vs. time) are shown in Figure 2. This dense reinforcement was impregnated by c-PCL oligomers and polymerized. Composites, P.H. ; resources, A.A.B.O., A.A.B.A.M. 321334, 2001. Natural fibres composites are eye-catching to industry because of its density and ecofriendly nature over traditional composites [36]. The system was applied to obtain high volume fraction reinforcement. 9821021, 2009. ; Albertengo, L. Thermo-compression of biodegradable thermoplastic corn starch films containing chitin and chitosan. Pure c-PCL showed two distinct melting peaks related to two different populations of crystal size. These adhesive properties are responsible for strength and rigidity of cellulosic fibres. Extraction, Chemical Composition, and Characterization of Potential Lignocellulosic Biomasses and Polymers from Corn Plant Parts. Moisture was removed by pre-drying (105C, 20min), the samples were heated to 120C and then quenched to 80C. [33][34], In 2016, Oxman worked with Bjrk to create a mask based on the singer's face, and worked with Dutch fashion designer Iris van Herpen to 3D-print a collection of wearable couture. ISSN 2041-1723 (online). Thermal Analysis of Polymers and Plastics. Relation of fibre size, loading %, and orientation with mechanical properties has been studied. The changes in the social structures in the 18th and 19th centuries led to high demand in biocomposites [, From ancient times, builders, artisans, engineers, and manufacturers continued to develop composites from a wider array of materials for more sophisticated applications. Since c-PCL is semi-crystalline and formed by in-situ polymerization, polymer properties are influenced by variations in gel content, average molar mass of extractable PCL fraction, and c-PCL crystallinity in different biocomposites. In 2001 the production of Costa Rica, Cote dlvoire, and Philippines were 322,000 tonnes, 188,000 tonnes, and 135000 tonnes, respectively [2]. Projects include wearable clothes and tools,[52] 11, 209226 (American Chemical Society, 2018). In spite of these properties, pineapple leaf fibres are untouched in research areas especially for reinforcing plastics although this application is now becoming an important research area. [95] The galaxins are one probable example of a gene being co-opted from a different ancestral purpose into controlling biomineralization, in this case being 'switched' to this purpose in the Triassic scleractinian corals; the role performed appears to be functionally identical to that of the unrelated pearlin gene in molluscs. 11, pp. However, this method is a high cost method, which makes it inappropriate for many applications [, Grafting via coupling agent improves the adhesion between the fiber and the matrix such as isocyanates. Liu, W.; Mohanty, A.K. In Fig. Cite this article. Sci. Cellulosic/synthetic fibre reinforced polymer hybrid composites: A review. 63, p. 31, 2011. Sustainability 5, 139148 (2022). Pineapple (PALF) has tremendous mechanical properties and can be applied in making of reinforced polymer composites [23, 24], low density polyethylene (LDPE) composites, and biodegradable plastic composites. Alkali Treatment of Jute Fibers: Relationship between structure and mechanical properties. Available online: History of Composites-Discover Composites. [92][104] Exhibited works are largely in the permanent collections of museums; Silk Pavilion II was acquired by the Esquel Group in Hong Kong. Sensors | Free Full-Text | Optical Oxygen Sensing and Clark 40, 15111575 (2006). A challenge is that most semi-crystalline aliphatic polyesters have low glass transition temperature (Tg), which translates into low modulus and tensile strength23. Montanari, C., Olsn, P. & Berglund, L. A. The idea enabled us to create high reinforcement biocomposites with well-dispersed mechanically undamaged fibers or nanocellulose. The results gained from previous studies were compared and discussed. ; Gavara, R.; Lpez-Rubio, A. CAS The Feature Paper can be either an original research article, a substantial novel research study that often involves High-lignin content wood fibers have a minimal environmental effect, and high-fiber content biocomposites produced by green reactive processing make the resulting biocomposites interesting for sustainable development. 3, pp. Panaitescu, D. M., Frone, A. N. & Chiulan, I. Nanostructured biocomposites from aliphatic polyesters and bacterial cellulose. The outstanding mechanical properties of individual PALF are reflected in its ultimate product. In, Lynch, M. Decorative Skin and Hair Cosmetics Containing Microcrystalline Cellulose as Enhancing Agent. 2f. 32, no. 8, pp. 10, pp. Chitosan for food packaging: Recent advances in active Sustainability 4, 837838 (2021). Chem. This strategy, however, is not applicable for lignocellulose reinforcements because of fiber degradation effects. These modification methods can be alkaline treatment [33] grafting with malic anhydride copolymer [34] and using saline coupling agent [35]. One reason is that oligomers react with the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of the reinforcement surfaces, increasing the fraction of gel content. Obasi, H.C.; Onuegbu, G.C. Table 1|Physical and Acoustical Properties of Corn Husk Fiber Panels. Please use 'Highlights' in the file name and include 3 to 5 bullet points (maximum 85 characters, including spaces, per bullet point). 331339, 2000. 22, no. neat or reinforced with cheap mineral fillers, short or long glass fibers, natural fibers or even self-reinforced. W. Jiang and S. C. Tjong, Thermal stability of polycarbonate composites reinforced with potassium titanate whiskers: effect of coupling agent addition, Polymer Degradation and Stability, vol. 169191, 2008. [18][35], In 2021, her architecture studio, Oxman Architects, announced plans for a design and research space in Manhattan. 98, no. Heres the complete list for you , Learn more about the benefits and applications scope now , Looking for grades reinforced with Biofillers? Unfilled symbols: nanocellulose/microfibrillated cellulose composites; filled symbols: wood fiber composites; triangle: neat PCL; red color/circle symbols (no ref): data from the present study. Hanway, J. Fibre loading can enhance the property up to 80% because of alignment of fibres. Totaro, G. et al. the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, Dried biocomposites were heated to 120C and then cooled to 80C. Viana, E.B.M. Note that MFLC is used for mechanical properties comparison with fibers, not environmental aspects. 938 ACS Symposium Series (eds Kristiina Oksman & Mohini Sain) Ch. 66, no. 11, pp. World Agricultural Production. 18, no. 2533, 2007. d Cross-sectional SEM images from cryo-fractured, hot-pressed 25% WF biocomposite. ; Zuhri, M.Y.M. 3, pp. M. J. John and S. Thomas, Biofibres and biocomposites, Carbohydrate Polymers, vol. Macromolecules 173, 128135 (2021). Physicochemical properties of corn stalk after treatment using steamexplosion coupled with acid or alkali. Lenhani, G.C. Arifuzzaman Khan, G.M. progress in the field that systematically reviews the most exciting advances in scientific literature. P. Threepopnatkul, N. Kaerkitcha, and N. Athipongarporn, Effect of surface treatment on performance of pineapple leaf fiberpolycarbonate composites, Composites Part B: Engineering, vol. Production and Characterization of Wheat Gluten Films. PALF enhances the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix through its own high specific strength. Composite market of United States has been recorded 2.72.8 billion pounds from 2006 to 2007. L. Y. Mwaikambo, Review of the history, properties and application of plant fibres, African Journal of Science and Technology, vol. Hierarchical lateral (interfacial) interactions between highly oriented structural features appear to govern fiber behavior through failure. 26, 8286 (2005). ; Mann, T.K. 15, no. D. Ray, B. K. Sarkar, S. Das, and A. K. Rana, Dynamic mechanical and thermal analysis of vinylester-resin-matrix composites reinforced with untreated and alkali-treated jute fibres, Composites Science and Technology, vol. Thermoplastics matrix composite is having low processing cost, design flexibility, and ease of moulding complexity. Plant fibre based bio-composites: Sustainable and renewable green materials. 281285, 2003. B. Yahya and Y. Yusof, Comprehensive review on the utilization of PALF, Advanced Materials Research, vol. In 2006, Oxman launched an interdisciplinary research project at MIT called material ecology, to experiment with generative design. However, this advantage is restricted in biocomposites based forest plants unless the green cover of the forest is continually replenished and renewed. 6, pp. 3, pp. Spruce wood chips provided by MoRe Research was used to prepare wood fibers and microfibrillated lignocellulose. Adding 6% and 8% of palm fiber to corn husk as reinforcement for corn starch matrix reveals 23.9% and 27.3% of crystalline index, respectively [, To measure the passage of water vapor through a substance we need to calculate Water Vapor Transmission Rate (, Water Vapor Permeability is a measure for the permeability of vapor barriers. 9, pp. Pineapple leaf fibre (PALF) is vital natural fibre, which have high specific strength, rigidity, and flexural and torsional rigidity as much as jute fibres. The product was air-dried for 5 days, and the isolated yield was calculated 75%. 8, pp. M. K. Sinha, A review of processing technology for the utilisation of agro-waste fibres, Agricultural Wastes, vol. [13] In 2019, she married investor and hedge fund manager Bill Ackman,[134] with whom she has a daughter. Mater. 24, no. D. B. S. Fakirov, Wood Fibre Thermoplastic Composite: Processing Properties and Future Developments, Hanser, Munich, Germany, 2007. & Mondragon, I. [52][53][54] The energetic costs of forming a silica structure from silicic acid are much less than forming the same volume from an organic structure (20-fold less than lignin or 10-fold less than polysaccharides like cellulose). ; Reddy, N.; Yang, Y.Q. 46, no. Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI. 37, no. Composite Mater. 276-277, pp. ; Nguyen, N.T. ; Camani, P.H. The c-PCL/MFLC41 biocomposite showed modulus above 3GPa and ultimate strength above 60MPa. ; Aygn, A.; Certel, M. The effects of the addition of corn husk fibre, kaolin and beeswax on cross-linked corn starch foam. Polym. The recording of the readings of both sensors began simultaneously with the injection of the sample into the flow. 32, no. 29, no. Circular economy concepts emphasize reduced fossil-based plastic manufacturing, reuse, and recycling9. S. Luo and A. N. Netravali, Interfacial and mechanical properties of environment-friendly green composites made from pineapple fibers and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) resin, Journal of Materials Science, vol. The overall performance of polymer composites depends on not only the intrinsic properties of the polymer matrix and inorganic filler but also the quality of interfacial adhesion. Passoth, V.; Sandgren, M. Biofuel production from straw hydrolysates: Current achievements and perspectives. 48, no. 1, pp. P. Omojasola, O. Jilani, and S. Ibiyemi, Cellulase production by some fungi cultured on pineapple waste, Natural Science, vol. 63, 3544 (2014). 4a, stress-strain curves are presented for c-PCL/WF and c-PCL/MFLC biocomposites with different reinforcement content. Ng, J.S. Recent and future studies focus on selecting the best biodegradable components of the biopolymer (matrix, filler, plasticizer, etc.) [105] A common principle of all biofilms is the production of extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of different organic substances, such as extracellular proteins, exopolysaccharides and nucleic acids. The advantage of natural fibres is their continuous supply, easy and safe handling, and biodegradable nature. The initial porosity of the network reinforcements was ~85%, although polymerization followed by hot-pressing densified the system. Lo Re, G. et al. However, few studies on PALF have been done describing the interfacial adhesion between fibres and reinforcement compatibility of fibre but a detailed study on PALF properties is not available. A Hitachi S-4800 field-emission scanning electron microscope was used for imaging and morphological studies. The pineapple is an old emblem of welcome and can often be seen in stamped decorations. A. O'Donnell, M. A. Dweib, and R. P. Wool, Natural fiber composites with plant oil-based resin, Composites Science and Technology, vol. W. Liu, M. Misra, P. Askeland, L. T. Drzal, and A. K. Mohanty, Green composites from soy based plastic and pineapple leaf fiber: fabrication and properties evaluation, Polymer (Guildf), vol. A novel extraction method for short pineapple leaf fiber, Industrial Crops and Products, vol. 64, no. toluene sulfonic acid is used63. Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) is a technique to measure the degradation of the polymer by varying the heating rate while the change in the sample mass is measured. [124] In 2018, she received a Design Innovation Medal from the London Design Festival. PubMed Chan, M.Y. ; Elias, M.C. Green Chem. Engineered living materials (ELMs) embed living cells in a biopolymer matrix to create novel materials with tailored functions. K. G. Satyanarayana, J. L. Guimares, and F. Wypych, Studies on lignocellulosic fibers of Brazil. 17, no. 37, no. Other than plant fibres, various animal fibres also have different types such as products from the wool, silk, feathers, avian fibre, and animals hairs which are prime resource. Development of Starch-Based Bioplastic from Jackfruit Seed. A number of researches have been carried out to improve the adhesion between PALFs and matrix, for example, cyanoethylation, alkalization, dewaxing, and grafting of acrylonitrile monomer [135]. Effect of chemically modified nanofibrillated cellulose addition on the properties of fiber-based materials. Olsn, P., Herrera, N. & Berglund, L. A. This microorganism works by enzymatic action. [51], Broadly, biomineralized structures evolve and diversify when the energetic cost of biomineral production is less than the expense of producing an equivalent organic structure. The peak 3343cm1 represents OH groups in case of -cellulose sample. 38, no. Many researches are in progress for partially or fully replacement to glass fibres (GF) by natural fibres. PALF shows lower degree of compatibility with hydrophobic polymers due to its hygroscopic nature. Chang, P.R. a stress-strain curves of wood fibers (WF) and microfibrillated lignocellulose (MFLC) reinforced crosslinked polycaprolactone (c-PCL) composites. The matrix is important to protect the fibers from Bledzki, A.K. Wang, X.; Cheng, F.; Liu, J.; Smtt, J.H. 494498, 1978. Both ball mill and disc mill can be used to extract PALF from chopped fresh pineapple leaf [113]. R. M. Heinicke and W. A. Gortner, Stem bromelaina new protease preparation from pineapple plants, Economic Botany, vol. To evaluate the viability of PALF-vinyl ester ecocomposites, there are many criteria of measurement, for instance, mechanical properties, water absorption, and thermal stability. Environ. These results are optimal in that liquid flow takes place under hot-pressing so that consolidation (reduced porosity) becomes straightforward, as discussed in the next section. Institute of Sustainable Energy, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan Ikram-Uniten, Kajang 43000, Malaysia, Department of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar P C-311, Oman, Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering Science & Technology, Sebha University, Sabha 00218, Libya, Faculty of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Batu Pahat 86400, Malaysia, Faculty of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia, Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Center (AEMC), Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia. However, for large-scale production, these issues are not so relevant, and E factor is potentially much lower. 123134, September 1996. A mixture of pineapple juice and sand is powerful cleaner for boat decks. PALF can be suitable for various other applications such as cosmetics, medicine, and biopolymers coating for chemicals [160162]. The superiority of PALFs mechanical properties is related with the high content of alpha-cellulose content and low microfibrillar angle (14). ; Jian, R.; Zheng, P.; Yu, J.; Ma, X. Recently polymer composites containing cellulosic fibres are under focus in literature as well as industries. 23, no. Thus, fibre surface modification is an important and necessary step to reduce the polarity of fibre. 2, pp. All these issues affect the life cycle of many species on the earth. High strength to weight ratio and stiffer & stronger than copolymer, Suitable for corrosion resistant structures, Bit softer but has better impact strength; tougher and more durable than homopolymer, Not preferable for food contact applications, Excellent resistance to diluted and concentrated acids, alcohols and bases, Good resistance to aldehydes, esters, aliphatic hydrocarbons, ketones, Limited resistance to aromatic and halogenated hydrocarbons and oxidizing agents, PP has good resistance to environmental stress cracking, It is sensitive to microbial attacks, such as bacteria and mold, Poor resistance to UV, impact and scratches, Low upper service temperature, 90 - 120C, Attacked by highly oxidizing acids, swell rapidly in chlorinated solvents and aromatics, Heat-aging stability is adversely affected by contact with metals, Post molding dimensional changes due to crystallinity effects this can be solved with nucleating agents. Since natural fibre varies its properties, such as length density, it is very difficult to control the mass production. Nat Commun 13, 5666 (2022). 4b. These include both mechanical processes, such as for Ocean Pavilion and Glass I,[8] and biological ones, such as for Silk Pavilion and Synthetic Apiary. and R.A.I. L. S. M. Carus, Targets for bio-based composites and natural fibres, JEC Composites Magazine, vol. Though there are some limitations of using the PALF in some applications. Compos. J. C. T. B. Bhattacharyya and A. K. Biswas, Short pineapple leaf fibre reinforced rubber composites, Plastics and Rubber Processing and Applications, vol. [93], Oxman's early projects took the form of surfaces, furniture, or objects that could be worn or put on display. The samples were conditioned for 48h at 23C and 50% relative humidity. ; Peijs, T. Effects of Alkali and Alkali/Silane Treatments of Corn Fibers on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Its Composites With Polylactic Acid. Mechanical and thermo-mechanical behaviors of sizing-treated corn fiber/polylactide composites. Ganjyal, G.M. Article 129144, 2007. The strength of the chemical bonds in hemicellulose is lower than that in cellulose, therefore, hemicellulose starts to decompose first [. [111] This process can also be used to manufacture new hard materials, such as biocement. After infiltration, oligomers polymerize thermally via esterification conjugation to high molecular weight polymers, within well-dispersed wood fiber or microfibrillated lignocellulose (MFLC) reinforcement networks. C. Pavithran, P. S. Mukherjee, M. Brahmakumar, and A. D. Damodaran, Impact properties of natural fibre composites, Journal of Materials Science Letters, vol. M. Abdelmouleh, S. Boufi, M. N. Belgacem, A. Dufresne, and A. Gandini, Modification of cellulose fibers with functionalized silanes: effect of the fiber treatment on the mechanical performances of cellulose-thermoset composites, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, vol.

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